INTRODUCTION:
Participation is about getting people involved in decisions that affect their lives. It may be how small traders can engage on plans about their lives and nature of their activities, how they can decide about the area of doing their business legally without creating a conflict with local government. Dar es Salaam city is one of the biggest City in East Africa with a big number of Small trader who perform their activities contrary to the law and regulation of the City. Every day you find City Auxiliary Police fighting Machingas who a trading illegally in different area of the city. The problem is growing fast because of the problem of un-employment in the city which is the result of rural urban migration and some retrenchment made by different organization including local government after implementation of Local Government Recovering Program. Machinga in Dar es Salaam is a big problem since they operate their activities in area which is prohibited such as along road reserve (danger zone), within open spaces and others are moving from house to house. Highly populated area such as Manzese, Tandale, Tandika, Kariakoo are the area of Machingas. The rate of crime in this area is very high this is because after making a daily trading with less return Machinga’s went back home without fund to finance their daily demand at the result they engage on illegal activities such as prostitution, drug abuse and stilling people’s properties such as women handbags, watch, cell-phone etc. To overcome the problem participation of machingas in identifying their problems and come up with a proper solution will be the best way of eliminating the war between City Councils and Machinga which exists for a long time.
WHAT IS PARTICIPATION:
Participation is the process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them. It is an active engagement of organizations, communities and individuals in decision making and action that affect them. It is how civil society operates and how the public can have a say in decisions that affect their lives. FAO defines Participation as the process of equitable and active involvement of all stakeholders in the formulation of development policies and strategies and in the analysis, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development activities. Is the organized effort within institutions and organizations to increase stakeholders access and control over resources and related decision making that contributes to sustainable livelihoods.
CAUSES OF MACHINGAS AT NATIONAL LEVEL:
Tanzania had a process of economic, social, and political reforms to improve the business environment and to increase economic growth and reduce poverty. Its economy has been growing at an annual average rate of more than 4% (UNDAF, 2002-2006). For example in 2003, the economy grew by 5.6% in real terms. Inflation had been reduced to 4.6% by March, 2004 (Budget speech, 2004/2005). The balance of payments position has also improved substantially with foreign exchange reserves rising and maintained at a sustainable level (UNDAF, 2002-2006). Despite all these success stories, Tanzania is facing challenge of translating these achievements into tangible human development. The rate of poverty is still high with 50% of the population living below poverty line (ibid). The rate of growth of national economy has not been high enough to generate the number of jobs required. Majority to entering into private sector in the form of entrepreneurship and small business (Machingas) thus expanding the private and informal sector of the economy from 23.9% in 1971 to 79.6% in 1996. The share of Public sector in the economy decreased from 76.1% in 1971 to 18.8% in 1996 while the share of Public Sector employment in the formal sector increased from 23% in 1984 to 65% in 1994. Tanzania is one of the most rapidly growing population and urbanizing countries in Africa, with total population of 34.56 million people, annual population growth rate of 2.9% and urban population growth rate of 4.5% per annum (National census, 2002), the implications of this rapid population growth are enormous.
Firstly, young people constitute two thirds of the country’s urban population. The entry into labour markets is too high, thus causing a further strain on already worsening unemployment situation. It is estimated that the number of new entrants to the labour force is between 600,000 and 700,000 annually, comparing un-favorably with the less than 300,000 new jobs that are created each year, most of them generated by informal sector (UNDP, 2003). According to the last labour force survey of 1991, the unemployment rate was 10.6% (UNDP, 2002; Bureau of Statistics, 1999). The retrenchment exercise and the collapsing of most state enterprises that have thrown most energetic people out of sustainable and reliable income all add to the problem of unemployment. It is the fact of the day that majority of retrenches remain in town trying to pursue other means of earning income. They resort to self-employment ventures in the form of entrepreneurship and small business (Machinga’s).
PROBLEMS OF SMALL TRADERS (MACHINGAS) IN DAR ES SALAAM.
The problems facing Machingas in Dar es Salaam is fighting in order to fulfill their daily needs, that is affording having a accommodation, clothes, food, pay school fees for their kids and other social demands. Most of Machinga in Dar es Salaam are trading goods like used clothes (mitumba), fruits, vegetables, grains, industrial products such as soap, water and traditional medicines ect. They normally move from one street to another, from one door to another. Most of the problems facing them are as follow:-
Lack of area/premises of doing their business, this is due to the fact that the no enough spaces set aside to accommodate them especially within the area which is highly populated. Rent of Premises at Kariakoo is about 200,000.00 per month and it required to be paid per annum that is 2,400,000.00, machinga has a capital of 10,000 to 50,000.00 they cant afford having a premises at Kariakoo, the same applied to an area like Tandale, Manzese, Tandika ect. It is better for a petty trader to run around the city looking for a customer of its products.
Lack of Capital, machinga’s face a problem of capital, with small capital they can be able to buy goods in large quantity and sell it in a small units. Since most of them are youth they don’t have a mortgage to enable them to access fund.
Lack of business knowledge, most of petty traders (machingas) thought that after having goods to sell it is enough, they don’t know about marketing strategies which are required for sustainable business development.
Machinga are loosing their goods daily through conflicting with city Auxiliary Police, that is instead of making their capital grow they a losing it. Number of them are taken to court and jailed.
PARTICIPATION AS A TOOL TO OVERCOME MACHINGAS PROBLEMS:
Local government leader are required to involve Machinga and encourage them to find the source of their problem and decide the proper measure to tackle that problem. For example Machinga can participate in deciding the place they prefer in doing their business and participate in contribution which will enable the area to be acquired by government for public use. They can also participate in advising about the premises plan they require instead of local government erecting the premises which are not required by machingas.
Machinga can participate forming organization such as SACCOS which can enable them to borrow for improving their business. With good capital machinga can advance from small trader to medium trader with ability to rent and enjoy the economies of scale.
Participation of Machinga in Municipal level will cause the solution of making them doing their business without fighting with City Auxiliary Police who are City Law Enforcers.
CONCLUSION:
Participation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources affecting them. With participation people can identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies and support system, they can decide and articulate what is needed, they can decide in pragmatic terms, directions, priorities and institutional responsibilities and lastly they develop or oversee the development of their program. More effort must be taken through participatory approach to enable the problem of Machinga in Dar es Salaam not seen as a problem but one of the most component in economic development. A very big number of youth are employed in this sector. Participation play a vital role in formulation of policies which can be applied to find a proper solution about the problem.
References:
The World Bank Participation Source Book, Reflections: What is Participation?
622d: Participatory Method in Research and Development . Bemmo Pokomy.
Local government support project, Dar es Salaam Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program
http://www.cdc.cymm.org/
Friday, October 31, 2008
KNOWLEDGE
INTRODUCTION:
Knowledge is the psychological results of perception and learning and resolving. Knowledge is what is known like the related concepts truth, belief, and wisdom. Knowledge is part of hierarch made up of data, information and knowledge. Data are raw facts, and information is data with context and perspective. Knowledge is information with guidance for action based upon insight and experience. There is no single definition of knowledge on which schools agree, but rather numerous and continued debate about the nature of knowledge. In Africa and especially in the Eastern Africa, the Indigenous Peoples like the Maasai of Tanzania live in the Arid and Semi-Arid lands. Despite that they live in the dry lands, they are well adapted to an often harsh environment because they have gathered vast local knowledge about their resource based, its weakness and strengths, its utilization and management. The traditional diet of Tanzanian's Maasai people may contain powerful plant-based antioxidants with the potential to reduce cholesterol levels and provide other health benefits. The Maasai are cattle herding pastoralists, about a million of whom inhabit the semi-arid lands of Kenya and Tanzania in an area bordered by Mount Kilimanjaro in the east, the Serengeti Plain in the west, and the Ngorongoro Crater in the south. Cattle are the basis of the Maasai economy, providing food mainly in the form of milk and meat. The Maasai are well known both for their strongly independent ways and their skill with weapons.
WHAT IS A TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
Traditional knowledge is something created, preserved, and dispersed. Information passed from generation-to generation by storytelling; ceremonies; traditions ideologies; medicines; dances; arts and crafts; or a combination of all these. It is determined by Nation’s land, environment, region, culture and language. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine, which forms part of traditional knowledge, as follows: The sum total of knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement of treatment of physical and mental illness.
Comparisons between traditional and scientific knowledge styles
www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_and_scientific.html.
Traditional Knowledge Assumed to be the truth ,Sacred and interconnected ,Teaching through storytelling, Learning by doing and experiencing, Oral and visual, Integrated, based on whole system, Intuitive , Subjective (based on personal), Experiential (based on experience), Holistic (based on complete systems), Transfer of knowledge takes a long time, Long-term wisdom, Powerful prediction in local areas, Weak in distant areas of knowledge, Models based on cycles Linear, Explanations based on examples, stories while Scientific Knowledge Assumed to be a best approximation, Secular (non-religious) segregated, Formal teaching, Learning by formal education (molding), Written, Analytical, based on parts of the whole, Model or theory based, Objective (not based on personal experience/beliefs) opinion), Positivist (based on facts), Reductionist (reduces complex systems to simpler systems), Transfer of knowledge is fast, Short-term prediction, Powerful predictability in natural principles, Weak in local areas of knowledge, modeling as first approximation, Explanations based on hypothesis, myths theories, laws.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN PASTORALISTS MAASAI IN TANZANIA:
Best practices on indigenous knowledge in Tanzania are the pastor-lists Maasai who move their heard throughout the year to optimise utilization of rangeland resource for maximum meat and milk production. As a result of well – skirted livestock movement the heard stay healthy, and produce a reliable supply of milk and meets the demands of polygamous pastoral household. This can be illustrated by looking at several integrated features of Maasai pastorlism. The division of labour, rangeland utilization, an ecological approach to disease prevention. Maasai pastoralist are familiar with every plant in their rangelands and pastures. They can also describe the palatability of each plant for the different animals they keeps and they know each plants seasonality, nutrition value, toxicity and medicinal properties. The pastoralists have knowledge and experience of supplementing their animal, diet with minerals, which not only provides resistance to illness but also enhances their appetite, growth, libido, fertility, milk production and other positive properties. Type of knowledge they acquire are knowledge of their environment, knowledge of livestock genetic and breed selection and knowledge of medicinal plants and weather forecasting.
They could also become known for the traditional foods and medicinal plants that supplement such high-fat staples of milk, meat and maize meal. According to Dr Johns, up to 66% of the calories consumed in the Maasai diet come from fat, primarily saturated fats — resulting in a total daily intake of more than 2,000 milligrams of cholesterol. Yet, their mean serum cholesterol levels are in the normal to low range.
Agenda 21, the Programme of Action for Sustainable Development adopted by UNCED in Rio in 1992 contains a series of recommendations about the relevance of traditional knowledge to implementation of sustainable development policies and programmes.
In Tanzania numbers of policies has been made to enable transmission of knowledge from one generation to another such as Educational Policies in Tanzania, Policy of education for self reliance, national culture policy to promote and strengthen cultural actors, Structural adjustment policies in Tanzania and educational policy, the technical education and training policy in Tanzania.
CONCLUSION:
Knowledge is a technical know how which can be transmitted from one generation to another through different means according to the behaviour and nature of a society. Different society has different level of knowledge. But the importance of knowledge is to give a way of finding solution for problems facing society. Knowledge acquirement lead to improve the status of a community from one generation to another.
For example at the early stage people used animals as a means of transportation, but improvement transportation industry from one generation to another put us in position today of using motor vehicle, air line, railway , Improvement in communication industry make the world to be a village, but all this is a result of knowledge transmission from one generation to another. Knowledge play a vital role in all sector of economy, social, environmental , heath sector. All that contributes to the improvement of community development.
It is also evidence that without the inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in the formulation of government policies like Land and forest, then the problems will always be there. Before the so called policies were put in
place the Indigenous peoples had there own way of managing resources
References:
Defineknowledge – Google search.htm
Economic Fundamentals of the Knowledge society by Paul A. David and Dominique Foray , 2002
United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communication and Transport; National Information and Communications Technologies Policy. 2003
Sacred Ways of Life: Traditional Knowledge; Prepared for the First Nations Centre National Aboroginal Health Organization 2005.
SMEs and Networks Governance Structure in Tanzania: Literature Review and Research Issues by Lettice Rutashobya, Isack Allan , Facult of Commerce and Management University of Dar es Salaam
Social Literature Review for Knowledge in Fisheries Management Project by Douglas C. Wilson.
7. www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_and_scientific.html.
Knowledge is the psychological results of perception and learning and resolving. Knowledge is what is known like the related concepts truth, belief, and wisdom. Knowledge is part of hierarch made up of data, information and knowledge. Data are raw facts, and information is data with context and perspective. Knowledge is information with guidance for action based upon insight and experience. There is no single definition of knowledge on which schools agree, but rather numerous and continued debate about the nature of knowledge. In Africa and especially in the Eastern Africa, the Indigenous Peoples like the Maasai of Tanzania live in the Arid and Semi-Arid lands. Despite that they live in the dry lands, they are well adapted to an often harsh environment because they have gathered vast local knowledge about their resource based, its weakness and strengths, its utilization and management. The traditional diet of Tanzanian's Maasai people may contain powerful plant-based antioxidants with the potential to reduce cholesterol levels and provide other health benefits. The Maasai are cattle herding pastoralists, about a million of whom inhabit the semi-arid lands of Kenya and Tanzania in an area bordered by Mount Kilimanjaro in the east, the Serengeti Plain in the west, and the Ngorongoro Crater in the south. Cattle are the basis of the Maasai economy, providing food mainly in the form of milk and meat. The Maasai are well known both for their strongly independent ways and their skill with weapons.
WHAT IS A TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
Traditional knowledge is something created, preserved, and dispersed. Information passed from generation-to generation by storytelling; ceremonies; traditions ideologies; medicines; dances; arts and crafts; or a combination of all these. It is determined by Nation’s land, environment, region, culture and language. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine, which forms part of traditional knowledge, as follows: The sum total of knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement of treatment of physical and mental illness.
Comparisons between traditional and scientific knowledge styles
www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_and_scientific.html.
Traditional Knowledge Assumed to be the truth ,Sacred and interconnected ,Teaching through storytelling, Learning by doing and experiencing, Oral and visual, Integrated, based on whole system, Intuitive , Subjective (based on personal), Experiential (based on experience), Holistic (based on complete systems), Transfer of knowledge takes a long time, Long-term wisdom, Powerful prediction in local areas, Weak in distant areas of knowledge, Models based on cycles Linear, Explanations based on examples, stories while Scientific Knowledge Assumed to be a best approximation, Secular (non-religious) segregated, Formal teaching, Learning by formal education (molding), Written, Analytical, based on parts of the whole, Model or theory based, Objective (not based on personal experience/beliefs) opinion), Positivist (based on facts), Reductionist (reduces complex systems to simpler systems), Transfer of knowledge is fast, Short-term prediction, Powerful predictability in natural principles, Weak in local areas of knowledge, modeling as first approximation, Explanations based on hypothesis, myths theories, laws.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN PASTORALISTS MAASAI IN TANZANIA:
Best practices on indigenous knowledge in Tanzania are the pastor-lists Maasai who move their heard throughout the year to optimise utilization of rangeland resource for maximum meat and milk production. As a result of well – skirted livestock movement the heard stay healthy, and produce a reliable supply of milk and meets the demands of polygamous pastoral household. This can be illustrated by looking at several integrated features of Maasai pastorlism. The division of labour, rangeland utilization, an ecological approach to disease prevention. Maasai pastoralist are familiar with every plant in their rangelands and pastures. They can also describe the palatability of each plant for the different animals they keeps and they know each plants seasonality, nutrition value, toxicity and medicinal properties. The pastoralists have knowledge and experience of supplementing their animal, diet with minerals, which not only provides resistance to illness but also enhances their appetite, growth, libido, fertility, milk production and other positive properties. Type of knowledge they acquire are knowledge of their environment, knowledge of livestock genetic and breed selection and knowledge of medicinal plants and weather forecasting.
They could also become known for the traditional foods and medicinal plants that supplement such high-fat staples of milk, meat and maize meal. According to Dr Johns, up to 66% of the calories consumed in the Maasai diet come from fat, primarily saturated fats — resulting in a total daily intake of more than 2,000 milligrams of cholesterol. Yet, their mean serum cholesterol levels are in the normal to low range.
Agenda 21, the Programme of Action for Sustainable Development adopted by UNCED in Rio in 1992 contains a series of recommendations about the relevance of traditional knowledge to implementation of sustainable development policies and programmes.
In Tanzania numbers of policies has been made to enable transmission of knowledge from one generation to another such as Educational Policies in Tanzania, Policy of education for self reliance, national culture policy to promote and strengthen cultural actors, Structural adjustment policies in Tanzania and educational policy, the technical education and training policy in Tanzania.
CONCLUSION:
Knowledge is a technical know how which can be transmitted from one generation to another through different means according to the behaviour and nature of a society. Different society has different level of knowledge. But the importance of knowledge is to give a way of finding solution for problems facing society. Knowledge acquirement lead to improve the status of a community from one generation to another.
For example at the early stage people used animals as a means of transportation, but improvement transportation industry from one generation to another put us in position today of using motor vehicle, air line, railway , Improvement in communication industry make the world to be a village, but all this is a result of knowledge transmission from one generation to another. Knowledge play a vital role in all sector of economy, social, environmental , heath sector. All that contributes to the improvement of community development.
It is also evidence that without the inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in the formulation of government policies like Land and forest, then the problems will always be there. Before the so called policies were put in
place the Indigenous peoples had there own way of managing resources
References:
Defineknowledge – Google search.htm
Economic Fundamentals of the Knowledge society by Paul A. David and Dominique Foray , 2002
United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Communication and Transport; National Information and Communications Technologies Policy. 2003
Sacred Ways of Life: Traditional Knowledge; Prepared for the First Nations Centre National Aboroginal Health Organization 2005.
SMEs and Networks Governance Structure in Tanzania: Literature Review and Research Issues by Lettice Rutashobya, Isack Allan , Facult of Commerce and Management University of Dar es Salaam
Social Literature Review for Knowledge in Fisheries Management Project by Douglas C. Wilson.
7. www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_and_scientific.html.
HUMAN CAPITAL
INTRODUCTION:
Human capital is a measure of the economic value of an employees skill set. This measure builds on the production input of labor where all labor is thought to be equal. The Concept of human capital recognizes that no all labor is equal and that the quality of employees can be improved by invest in them. The education, experience and abilities of employees have an economic value for employers and for the economy as a whole. Economist Theodore Schultz invented the term in the 1960s to reflect the value of human capacities. He believed human capital was like any other type of capital it could be invested in through education, training and enhanced benefits that will lead to an improvement in the quality and level of production.
Tanzania is facing a human development crisis with the majority unable to access health, education and productive resources to contribute to a thriving economy. HIV/AIDS is ravaging the country and is undermining the foundations of development, namely economic growth, good governance, development of human capital, the investment climate and labor productivity. In today’s world human capacity is becoming even more important for development, with the world economy increasingly being driven by knowledge and technology.
WORKING PARTY OF HUMAN CAPACITY:
The report of the first session of the Working Party of Human Capacity Development originated by Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (FAO) elaborate a Vision Statement for human capacity development in fisheries as follows: “A society that has the ability, means and conditions to achieve the sustainable development of fisheries, at local to global levels, for the benefit of all, and to meet the target of the World Summit of Sustainable Development (DSSD) Plan of implementations as well as the Millennium Goals” As an overcharging principle, the Working Party agreed that human capacity development is a national responsibility that should be supported by global, intergovernmental, regional and non governmental organizations. The Working Party define Human Capital Development is a process by which individuals, groups, organizations, institutions, and societies develop their abilities both individually and collectively to set and achieves objectives, perform functions, solve problems and to develop the means and conditions required to enable this process.
Two important attributes of Human Capacity development, first Human Capacity development should address at least four levels i) individuals, ii) organizations, iii) sector/network and iv) the broader enabling environment. Secondly Human Capacity development is a process where by individual development becomes embedded in a sustainable shift in performance and collective behavior. This process includes identifying needs, building knowledge, understanding skills and attitudes that can be implemented through practice and experience of individuals that leads to sustainable changes in the collective performance of institutions sector, society and the enabling environment. Is a process acquired over time and is a two way process between individual’s capacity development needs and requirements of the institutions.
The U.S President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Emergency Plan/ PEPFAR) recognizes that the quality and sustainability in HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care require skilled providers of health services and strong health system to support them. Priorities for building sustainable human capacity are developing workforce management strategies, including support for workforce planning, sustained performance/ quality assurance, and expanded roles and retention of qualified staff, improving training coordination through the development of country strategic plans and assessing and documenting strategies for building sustainable human and institutional capacity. Emergency Plan is working under national strategies and in partnership with host nations to strengthen health systems and human resource capacity to deliver preventions treatment and care for people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS.
WHO HUMAN CAPACITY FOR 3 by 5
WHO in building Human Capacity for 3 by 5 (Treat Three million people living with HIV/AIDS by 2005) realized that globally up to 100,000 people need to be trained for their contribution to making 3 by 5 possible including those involved in the management and delivery of anti-retroviral treatment (ART) service, those working on testing and counseling and other entry points to (ART) and many community treatment supporters assessing people living with HIV/AIDS who are receiving medication. The World Health Organization has developed a “Human Capacity – Building Plan” that propose a set of unprecedented steps by which WHO, together with partners countries to develop and sustain the workforce necessary to achieve 3 by 5.
EXPERIENCE FROM JAPANESE AID HUMAN CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Japanese Aid for Human Capacity Development by giving grant for example grant of US $ 88,569 for the project for construction for Human Development Organization Training Centre at Gournadi Upazilla, Barisa. This infrastructure would help HDO and other local NGOs to conduct quality and effective training among grass-root beneficiaries on agriculture, poultry livestock, human rights, awareness, life skills, sanitation, saving and credit, staff development and leadership training.
HUMAN CAPACITY POLICIES:
Development of Human Capacity Policy depends on the organization/ institutions. Each institution has its own policy about the way they promote human capacity within the organization depending on structure of an organization, job performed by an organization. The United Republic of Tanzania as nation under the Ministry of Science, Technology and High Education for example April 1996 had a Technical Education and Training Policy in Tanzania. The policy covered the Demand for Technical Educational and Training Management, Curriculum and Certification of Technical education Training, the role of technical education and training in promoting the informal sector and financing of technical education and training.
CONCLUSION:
Human capacity development in Community Economic development is one among the most important component which enable the community to participate in finding out their problems and propose solution to that problem. Human capacity is a link between other capital used to promote community development social, economically, environmental, health. Without a Human Capacity development other assets or opportunities can remain idle without being exploited for the benefits of a community. For an Institution or an organization to develop and enjoy maximum level of performance it must invest more on Human capacity. Some organization fail to understand the important of human capacity development. Evidence show that most of developed countries realized the role of human capital in their economic development, transmission of knowledge from one organization to another bring a competition which result efficient in production and distribution for the benefit of a community. Experience shows that innovation is widely regarded as the key to economic growth in industrialized countries. Firms invest in R&D to develop new products or new processes. They acquire existing technology through licensing contracts, cooperation agreements, mergers and acquisitions. They train their workers, invest in new technologies such as in information and communication technology or introduce new ways of operating like selling and buying on the internet. From the experience above Tanzania as one of the poorest country in the world must put together all type of Capital required for development, more effort must be made upon the Human capacity which at the end could be a link chain to the other types of capital.
References:
i) Human capital financial definition by free online dictionary.html
ii) The report of the first session of the Working Party of Human Capacity Development originated by Fisheries and Agriculture Department (FAO).
iii) Human Capacity Development (April 2007). Html
iv) Press Release HDO Japanese Aid for Human Capacity Development on March 28, 2006.
v) Speech by Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Dr. Cao Duc Phat at the Scaling up Program Regional Conference for Joint Japan World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program. Hilton Opera Hanoi Hotel 26 May 2006.
vi) Technology and Training Policy in Tanzania. April 1996.
vii) What drives productivity in Tanzanian Manufacturing firms: technology or institutions. Micheline Goedhuys, Nobert Janzi & Pierre Mohnem. Sep 4, 2006.
Human capital is a measure of the economic value of an employees skill set. This measure builds on the production input of labor where all labor is thought to be equal. The Concept of human capital recognizes that no all labor is equal and that the quality of employees can be improved by invest in them. The education, experience and abilities of employees have an economic value for employers and for the economy as a whole. Economist Theodore Schultz invented the term in the 1960s to reflect the value of human capacities. He believed human capital was like any other type of capital it could be invested in through education, training and enhanced benefits that will lead to an improvement in the quality and level of production.
Tanzania is facing a human development crisis with the majority unable to access health, education and productive resources to contribute to a thriving economy. HIV/AIDS is ravaging the country and is undermining the foundations of development, namely economic growth, good governance, development of human capital, the investment climate and labor productivity. In today’s world human capacity is becoming even more important for development, with the world economy increasingly being driven by knowledge and technology.
WORKING PARTY OF HUMAN CAPACITY:
The report of the first session of the Working Party of Human Capacity Development originated by Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (FAO) elaborate a Vision Statement for human capacity development in fisheries as follows: “A society that has the ability, means and conditions to achieve the sustainable development of fisheries, at local to global levels, for the benefit of all, and to meet the target of the World Summit of Sustainable Development (DSSD) Plan of implementations as well as the Millennium Goals” As an overcharging principle, the Working Party agreed that human capacity development is a national responsibility that should be supported by global, intergovernmental, regional and non governmental organizations. The Working Party define Human Capital Development is a process by which individuals, groups, organizations, institutions, and societies develop their abilities both individually and collectively to set and achieves objectives, perform functions, solve problems and to develop the means and conditions required to enable this process.
Two important attributes of Human Capacity development, first Human Capacity development should address at least four levels i) individuals, ii) organizations, iii) sector/network and iv) the broader enabling environment. Secondly Human Capacity development is a process where by individual development becomes embedded in a sustainable shift in performance and collective behavior. This process includes identifying needs, building knowledge, understanding skills and attitudes that can be implemented through practice and experience of individuals that leads to sustainable changes in the collective performance of institutions sector, society and the enabling environment. Is a process acquired over time and is a two way process between individual’s capacity development needs and requirements of the institutions.
The U.S President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Emergency Plan/ PEPFAR) recognizes that the quality and sustainability in HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care require skilled providers of health services and strong health system to support them. Priorities for building sustainable human capacity are developing workforce management strategies, including support for workforce planning, sustained performance/ quality assurance, and expanded roles and retention of qualified staff, improving training coordination through the development of country strategic plans and assessing and documenting strategies for building sustainable human and institutional capacity. Emergency Plan is working under national strategies and in partnership with host nations to strengthen health systems and human resource capacity to deliver preventions treatment and care for people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS.
WHO HUMAN CAPACITY FOR 3 by 5
WHO in building Human Capacity for 3 by 5 (Treat Three million people living with HIV/AIDS by 2005) realized that globally up to 100,000 people need to be trained for their contribution to making 3 by 5 possible including those involved in the management and delivery of anti-retroviral treatment (ART) service, those working on testing and counseling and other entry points to (ART) and many community treatment supporters assessing people living with HIV/AIDS who are receiving medication. The World Health Organization has developed a “Human Capacity – Building Plan” that propose a set of unprecedented steps by which WHO, together with partners countries to develop and sustain the workforce necessary to achieve 3 by 5.
EXPERIENCE FROM JAPANESE AID HUMAN CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Japanese Aid for Human Capacity Development by giving grant for example grant of US $ 88,569 for the project for construction for Human Development Organization Training Centre at Gournadi Upazilla, Barisa. This infrastructure would help HDO and other local NGOs to conduct quality and effective training among grass-root beneficiaries on agriculture, poultry livestock, human rights, awareness, life skills, sanitation, saving and credit, staff development and leadership training.
HUMAN CAPACITY POLICIES:
Development of Human Capacity Policy depends on the organization/ institutions. Each institution has its own policy about the way they promote human capacity within the organization depending on structure of an organization, job performed by an organization. The United Republic of Tanzania as nation under the Ministry of Science, Technology and High Education for example April 1996 had a Technical Education and Training Policy in Tanzania. The policy covered the Demand for Technical Educational and Training Management, Curriculum and Certification of Technical education Training, the role of technical education and training in promoting the informal sector and financing of technical education and training.
CONCLUSION:
Human capacity development in Community Economic development is one among the most important component which enable the community to participate in finding out their problems and propose solution to that problem. Human capacity is a link between other capital used to promote community development social, economically, environmental, health. Without a Human Capacity development other assets or opportunities can remain idle without being exploited for the benefits of a community. For an Institution or an organization to develop and enjoy maximum level of performance it must invest more on Human capacity. Some organization fail to understand the important of human capacity development. Evidence show that most of developed countries realized the role of human capital in their economic development, transmission of knowledge from one organization to another bring a competition which result efficient in production and distribution for the benefit of a community. Experience shows that innovation is widely regarded as the key to economic growth in industrialized countries. Firms invest in R&D to develop new products or new processes. They acquire existing technology through licensing contracts, cooperation agreements, mergers and acquisitions. They train their workers, invest in new technologies such as in information and communication technology or introduce new ways of operating like selling and buying on the internet. From the experience above Tanzania as one of the poorest country in the world must put together all type of Capital required for development, more effort must be made upon the Human capacity which at the end could be a link chain to the other types of capital.
References:
i) Human capital financial definition by free online dictionary.html
ii) The report of the first session of the Working Party of Human Capacity Development originated by Fisheries and Agriculture Department (FAO).
iii) Human Capacity Development (April 2007). Html
iv) Press Release HDO Japanese Aid for Human Capacity Development on March 28, 2006.
v) Speech by Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Dr. Cao Duc Phat at the Scaling up Program Regional Conference for Joint Japan World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program. Hilton Opera Hanoi Hotel 26 May 2006.
vi) Technology and Training Policy in Tanzania. April 1996.
vii) What drives productivity in Tanzanian Manufacturing firms: technology or institutions. Micheline Goedhuys, Nobert Janzi & Pierre Mohnem. Sep 4, 2006.
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